Truffles are mycorrhizal species, meaning that they exist in a symbiotic relationship with plants - usually trees. Without the host plant, there is no truffle. Thus, cultivation depends upon the development of a plantation of trees that truffles like. Typically the seedling tree roots are inoculated with truffles then planted. With proper management, truffles appear a few years later.
Researchers in New Zealand have been developing an industry based upon the cultivation of some of these species in concert with small wood lots. The New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd has created documents addressing different species: